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\u904e\u53bb\u5169\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee4\u6211\u8a6b\u7570\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9762\u5c0d\u65b0\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5e74\u9f61\u5341\u4e5d\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u6b72\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u570b\u5167\u5df2\u7d93\u5b8c\u6210\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u5927\u5c08\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u540c\u5de5\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u5230\u4e862030\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff08\u96e2\u73fe\u5728\u624d\u77ed\u77ed\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5c07\u662f\u56db\u5341\u591a\u6b72\u7684\u6210\u719f\u6559\u6703\u9818\u8896\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u6587\u9769\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u7b49\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4ee3\u90fd\u9059\u9060\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u751f\u547d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u570b\u53c3\u52a0\u4e16\u8cbf\uff0c\u8209\u8fa6\u5967\u904b\uff0c\u6307\u8cac\u7f8e\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u7b56\u7565\u7b49\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u670d\u4e8b\u4e2d\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u6311\u6230\u5305\u62ec\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u9019\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u7b49\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u897f\u65b9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\uff09\u76ee\u524d\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u4e8b\u5de5\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u8207\u670d\u4e8b\u76ee\u524d\u897f\u65b9\u9752\u5e74\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u6311\u6230\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u9ede\u3002\u8de8\u8d8a\u81fa\u7063\u6d77\u5cfd\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\uff1b\u795e\u5b78\u751f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u56e0\u7bc7\u5e45\u548c\u7b46\u8005\u7684\u61c9\u9a57\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u4ed4\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1b\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u76ee\u524d\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u53d7\u57f9\u8a13\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u5e74\u7d00\u7d04\u56db\u5341\uff0c\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5728\u6559\u6703\u5708\u5b50\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u6216\u795e\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u5708\u5b50\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u3002\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5178\u578b\u3001\u6b63\u898f\u57f9\u8a13\u5b78\u751f\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u53d7\u904e\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u85b0\u9676\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u900f\u904e\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e09\u81ea\u795e\u5b78\u9662\u88e1\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff1b\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u6587\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u5df4\u7279(Karl Barth) \u7279\u5225\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u656c\u4ef0\uff1b\u7576\u6211\u89e3\u91cb\u5eb7\u5fb7 (Immanuel Kant) \u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u6211\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1b\u5c0d\u6559\u6703\u88e1\u7684\u516b\u80a1\u8207\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u7279\u5225\u6279\u5224\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff1b\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u554f\u984c\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u751f\u8f03\u70ba\u654f\u611f\uff1b\u5c0d\u5c07\u4f86\u4e8b\u5949\u7684\u9053\u8def\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u660e\u986f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u8ab2\u5802\u554f\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8f03\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u6b63\u7d71\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u90fd\u559c\u6b61\u95dc\u6389\u8033\u6735\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u5b78\u751f\u7d66\u6211\u5e36\u4f86\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u3002\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u990a\uff0c\u9f13\u52f5\uff1b\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u8003\u616e\u5230\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5426\u4f86\u81ea\u4e00\u500b\u656c\u8654\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6559\u6703\u80cc\u666f\uff1f\u82e5\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5145\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u5c6c\u9748\u8cc7\u6e90\uff1f\u6d77\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u58eb\u66b8\u89e3\u570b\u5167\u9019\u4e9b\u591a\u4ee3\u656c\u8654\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u5bb6\u5ead\u55ce\uff1f\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u6487\u68c4\u4e00\u5207\u8ddf\u96a8\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u9f13\u52f5\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\uff1f\u4ed6\u5011\u9019\u4e9b\u9752\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\uff0c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5a1b\u6a02\uff0c\u9032\u4fee\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u8207\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5949\u7684\u5de5\u5834\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6d77\u5916\uff0c\u8de8\u8d8a\u6587\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6d77\u6b78\uff09\uff0c\u4ea4\u53cb\u8207\u5a5a\u59fb\u7b49\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9084\u80fd\u5047\u8a2d\u4ed6\u5011\u5982\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u4e2d\u570b\u6559\u6703\u7684\u737b\u8eab\u300e\u9752\u5e74\u300f\u4e00\u6a23\uff1f\u81f3\u65bc\u5c0d\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u7576\u4ee3\u795e\u5b78\u6bd4\u8f03\u654f\u611f\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u5c0e\u4ed6\u5011\u6b23\u8cde\u6bd4\u8f03\u6b63\u7d71\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u5c6c\u9748\u907a\u7523\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u7684\u5c6c\u9748\u50b3\u7d71\u8207\u795e\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\u6b23\u8cde\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u662f\u5145\u6eff\u8457\u8edf\u5f31\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u4e3b\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u5145\u6eff\u842c\u6709\u8005\u6240\u5145\u6eff\u7684\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7279\u5225\u81e8\u5728\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff09\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u6b63\u7d71\u7684\u8996\u754c\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u3001\u6279\u5224\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6587\u601d\u60f3\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u4e4e\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6(epistemology)\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b78\u7fd2\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7d93\u904e\u5e7e\u5e74\u7684\u6559\u5b78\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u6b78\u7d0d\u6cd5\u67e5\u7d93\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e2f\uff0c\u81fa\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u83ef\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u592a\u7fd2\u6163\u597d\u597d\u7684\u7d30\u8b80\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u7d93\u6587\u3002\u57fa\u5c64\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u7fd2\u6163\u4e86\u6d41\u6c34\u5e33\u5f0f\uff0c\u9748\u4fee\u5f0f\u7684\u8b80\u7d93\uff0c\u4e0d\u7fd2\u6163\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u67e5\u8003\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3002\u6700\u591a\u7ffb\u7ffb\u53c3\u8003\u66f8\uff0c\u7db2\u4e0a\u96a8\u610f\u6293\u4e00\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u9810\u5099\u597d\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u67e5\u7d93\u805a\u6703\u4e86\u3002\u53d7\u4e86\u79d1\u6280\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u66c9\u5f97\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5230\u4e86\u8b80\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u7528\u4e0a\u6b78\u7d0d\u601d\u7dad\u65b9\u5f0f (inductive thinking)\u3002\u5927\u9678\u7fa4\u9ad4\u883b\u591a\u559c\u6b61\u99ac\u4e0a\u6293\u5230\u6574\u5377\u66f8\u5377\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u6b63\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u7d30\u8b80\u7d93\u6587\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6559\u6703\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u795e\u5b78\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u8b80\u7d93\uff0c\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u7570\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff1a\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6b78\u7d0d\u5f0f\u67e5\u7d93\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u9577\u9032\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u5bf6\u8cb4\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u795e\u5b78\u751f\u6c92\u6709\u7d93\u6b77\u904e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9664\u4e86\u7d30\u8b80\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u6b78\u7d0d\u67e5\u7d93\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u5b8f\u89c0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7576\u4eca\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u9019\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u76f8\u8f14\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5e36\u7740\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u4f4d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u9662\u65b0\u751f\uff0c\u4e0a\u300e\u795e\u5b78\u5c0e\u8ad6\u300f\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8b1b\u8ab2\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u5728\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u88e1\u700f\u89bd\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5728\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u88e1\u8209\u884c\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u8b1b\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8ab2\u984c\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u99ac\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u85cf\u66f8\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f8b\u8b49\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u529f\u8ab2\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7ffb\u95b1\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u767e\u672c\u795e\u5b78\u66f8\u7c4d\uff1b\u70ba\u4e8c\u5341\u672c\u66f8\u5beb\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff08\u5e7e\u884c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u8ab2\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u6703\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u66f8\u7c4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
J. Nyquist,\u300a\u4f60\u4e5f\u80fd\u5e36\u9818\u67e5\u7d93\u300b\uff08\u6821\u5712\uff09\u3002
\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u65b0\u8a5e\u5178\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u795e\uff0c\u5929\u9053\uff09\uff1b\u7279\u5225\u5e7e\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u300e\u667a\u6167\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u77e5\u8b58\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u9806\u670d\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u6b0a\u5a01\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u9ed8\u793a\u300f\u7b49\u3002
\u300a\u7814\u7d93\u65e5\u8ab2\u300b\u3002
\u300a\u6e05\u6668\u975c\u601d\u4e3b\u8a71\u300b\u3002
\u53f2\u5e03\u771f\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u6668\u7518\u9732\u300b\uff08\u6d78\u4fe1\u6703\uff09\u3002
\u694a\u4ee5\u5fb7\uff0c\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u5c0e\u8ad6\u300b\uff08\u9053\u8072\uff09\u3002
Gleason Archer, \u300a\u820a\u7d04\u6982\u8ad6\u300b\uff08\u7a2e\u7c7d\uff09\u3002
\u6ed5\u6155\u7406\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u6982\u8ad6\u300b\u3002
\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u7814\u8b80\u7248\u8056\u7d93\u3002
\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u8a5e\u5178\u3002
\u57fa\u672c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u795e\u5b78\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\uff1a\u4efb\u4ee5\u6492\uff0c\u4f2f\u514b\u5bcc\uff0cErickson\u7b49\u3002
\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u671f\u7684\u4fe1\u7d93\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\uff0c\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u3002
\u5df4\u523b\uff0c\u300a\u7c21\u660e\u795e\u5b78\u300b\u3002
\u5df4\u523b\uff0c\u300a\u8a8d\u8b58\u795e\u300b\u3002
\u5df4\u523b\uff0c\u300a\u50b3\u798f\u97f3\u8207\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u300b\u3002
\u6155\u7406\uff0c\u300a\u518d\u601d\u6551\u8d16\u5947\u6069\u300b\u3002
\u5085\u683c\u68ee\uff0c\u300a\u78d0\u77f3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u300b\u3002
\u5df4\u523b\uff0c\u300a\u6d3b\u5728\u8056\u9748\u4e2d\u300b\u3002
\u51f1\u4f2f\uff0c\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u300b\u3002
\u83ef\u723e\u514b\uff0c\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6703\u53f2\u300b\u3002
Bruce Shelley, \u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6703\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u3002
\u51f1\u4f2f\uff0c\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8ecc\u8de1\u300b\u3002
John Frame,\u300a\u885b\u9053\u5b78\u6982\u8ad6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u6b21\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7d66\u5b78\u751f\u5e36\u4f86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u904e\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u7684\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5169\u5929\u7c21\u76f4\u662f\u6123\u4f4f\u4e86\u3002\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u7ffb\u958b\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u770b\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u8ab0\uff1f\u9019\u672c\u662f\u54ea\u985e\u7684\u66f8\uff1f\u770b\u770b\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u90a3\u4e9b\u984c\u76ee\uff1f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u6162\u6162\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b78\u751f\u8f49\u904e\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u5f9e\u5b8c\u5168\u9707\u64bc\u5230\u767c\u751f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u904e\u4e86\u5e7e\u5929\uff0c\u9023\u55ab\u98ef\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5728\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u90fd\u770b\u5230\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u7ffb\u95b1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f9e\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u8b93\u5b78\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u89f8\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d25\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7d14\u6b63\u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6025\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u300e\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7121\u8aa4\uff1a\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u300f\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff1a\u6211\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u662f\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff1b\u6700\u597d\u8acb\u4f60\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u554f\u6211\u9019\u554f\u984c\u3002\uff09
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\u5c0f\u7d50
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