\u7121\uff0c\u540d\u5929\u5730\u4e4b\u59cb\uff1b\u6709\uff0c\u540d\u842c\u7269\u4e4b\u6bcd\u3002\u2500\u2500\u8001\u5b50\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8056\u7d93\u958b\u5377\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u201c\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u8a5e\u5e8f\u662f\u2236\u8d77\u521d\u3001\u5275\u9020\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u5929\u548c\u5730\u3002\u57282007\u5e7481\u300182\u5169\u671f\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u5916\u6821\u5712\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u904e\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\uff0c\u201c\u8d77\u521d\u201d\uff0881\u671f\u4e0a\uff0c82\u671f\u4e0b\uff09\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u5b57\u201c\u5275\u9020\u201d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u8ac7\u201c\u5275\u9020\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4f86\u770b\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u500b\u5b57\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u6587\u8b80\u97f3\u662f\u201c\u4ee5\u7f85\u6b23\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u70ba\u90a3\u5275\u9020\u8005\u3002\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u201d\uff08\u4e0a\u4e0b\u56db\u65b9\u8b02\u4e4b\u5b87\u3001\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u4f86\u8b02\u4e4b\u5b99\uff09\u4e00\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u201c\u5929\u5730\u201d\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u9020\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u6642\u9593\u548c\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u591a\u6578\u53e4\u4ee3\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u592a\u7a7a\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u548c\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u597d\u6bd4\u540c\u6bcd\u5b7f\u751f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\u2236\u5927\u7206\u767c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7121\uff1b\u5927\u7206\u767c\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u3002\u8056\u7d93\u8aaa\u2236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7121\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8001\u5b50\u4e5f\u8aaa\u904e\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u8a71\u3002\u8001\u5b50\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6c38\u6046\u201c\u5e38\u201d\u5b58\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u3001\u8b1b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7684\uff08\u9053\u53ef\u9053\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9053\u3002\u540d\u53ef\u540d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u540d\uff0c\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u300b\u4e00\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u4e5f\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u5c6c\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u6027\uff08incomprehensibility\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\u7684\u201d\uff08unspeakable\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u9023\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\u7684\u201d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u8a72\u8aaa\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u8aaa\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8aaa\uff08speak\uff09\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e86\uff08Augustine, pp. 625-626\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u897f\u5143\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u666f\u6559\u201d\uff08\u610f\u70ba\u5149\u660e\u6559\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6d41\u884c\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u8c4e\u7acb\u4e86\u5341\u591a\u5c3a\u9ad8\u7684\u201c\u666f\u6559\u6d41\u884c\u4e2d\u570b\u7891\u201d\uff0c\u73fe\u4fdd\u7559\u5728\u897f\u5b89\u7891\u6797\u535a\u7269\u9928\u3002\u7891\u6587\u8aaa\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e0d\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u898b\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff08\u5e38\u7136\u771f\u5bc2\uff09\uff0c\u6c38\u6046\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\uff08\u5148\u5148\u800c\u7121\u5143\uff09\uff1b\u7a31\u547c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u9ad4\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u771f\u4e3b\u4ee5\u7f85\u6b23\uff08\u4e09\u4e00\u5999\u8eab\u7121\u5143\u771f\u4e3b\u963f\u7f85\u8a36\uff09\u3002\u7891\u6587\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u63cf\u5beb\u5341\u5206\u7c21\u6f54\u660e\u3000\u2236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5148\u65bc\u842c\u7269\u3002\u842c\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c92\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u7528\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8d77\u56e0\u201d\uff08First Cause\uff09\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2236\u842c\u7269\u6709\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u8d77\u56e0\u53c8\u6709\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u516b\u4e03\u516d\u4e94\uff0c\u8ffd\u6839\u7a76\u67e2\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u8d77\u56e0\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u6c92\u6709\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8d77\u56e0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8001\u5b50\u8aaa\u201c\u7121\u201d\u662f\u842c\u7269\u4e4b\u59cb\u3002\u201c\u7121\u201d\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u7b2c\u4e00\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u201c\u7121\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u666f\u6559\u7891\u6587\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u771f\u4e3b\u4ee5\u7f85\u6b23\u4e43\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u8d77\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8056\u7d93\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u5b57\u662f\u201c\u5275\u9020\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\u662fbara\u3002bara\u662f\u8056\u7d93\u4e0a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\u5230\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c\u5c08\u9580\u7528\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5275\u9020\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u5728\u654d\u8ff0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201c\u9020\u7a79\u84bc\u201d\u3001\u9020\u842c\u7269\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u6539\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7528\u9014\u6bd4bara\u591a50\u500d\u7684\u666e\u901a\u52d5\u8a5easa\uff08\u9020\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
13\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u502b\u73ed\uff08Ramban\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7e3d\u7db1\uff0c\u8b1b\u5f97\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u842c\u7269\u3002\u9019\u201c\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u201d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5728bara\uff08\u5275\u9020\uff09\u4e00\u5b57\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u9664bara\uff08\u5275\u9020\uff09\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\uff0c\u80fd\u8868\u9054\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff08Ramban\uff0cp.23\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u9ebd\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u89e3\u8aaa\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5275\u9020\u5927\u5de5\uff0cbara\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u5c08\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c08\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u73fe\u4ee3\u5fb7\u570b\u8457\u540d\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u99ae\u62c9\u5fb7\uff08Gerhard Von Rad\uff09\u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5206\u6790\u201c\u8d77\u521d\u201d\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u201c\u5275\u9020\u201d\u9019\u8a5e\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u5275\u9020\uff08bara\uff09\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u8cea\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u8cea\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\u9023\u7528\uff08Von Rad, pp.48-49\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u5275\u9020\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u8cbb\u5439\u7070\u4e4b\u529b\u201d\uff08completely effortless\uff09\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff08creatio ex nihilo\u2500\u2500\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6975\u70ba\u611b\u7528\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u8853\u8a9e\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u7528\u201c\u7121\u53ef\u985e\u6bd4\u201d\uff08without analogy\uff09\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u7a2e\u5275\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u9ebd\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53e5\uff0c\u5730\u662f\u7a7a\u865b\u6df7\u6c8c\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u6700\u521d\u201c\u5929\u5730\u201d\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8a71\u8aaa\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u4e0a\u4e26\u7121\u4e00\u8655\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8aaa\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u662f\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6216\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8b80\u904e\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u5b9a\u9ad4\u6703\u5230\u8056\u7d93\u6240\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u6240\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u91cd\u91cd\u3002\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6eab\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Steven Weinberg\uff09\uff0c\u5f97\u4e86\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f8c\u9084\u662f\u9ed8\u9ed8\u7121\u540d\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5beb\u4e86\u672c\u4ecb\u7d39\u5927\u7206\u767c\u8ad6\u3001\u540d\u53eb\u300a\u6700\u521d\u4e09\u5206\u9418\u300b\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u624d\u4e00\u8209\u6210\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6eab\u4f2f\u683c\u7a31\u547c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u8655\u5883\u70ba\u201c\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u4e4b\u96e3\u984c\u201d\uff08problem of Genesis\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5b87\u5b99\u7a69\u5b9a\u72c0\u614b\u6a21\u578b\uff08steady-state model\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u6c38\u6046\u7684\uff0c\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u5c31\u8eb2\u907f\u4e86\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u8eb2\u904e\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u537b\u8eb2\u4e0d\u904e\u79d1\u5b78\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b87\u5b99\u7a69\u5b9a\u72c0\u614b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5df2\u88ab\u5927\u7206\u767c\u8cc7\u6599\u6240\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6eab\u4f2f\u683c\u9019\u6a23\u89e3\u91cb\u2236\u76ee\u524d\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u5149\u5b50\u548c\u6838\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u4e4b\u6bd4\uff0c\u662f10\u5104\u6bd41\u3002\u9019\u662f\u500b\u5927\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u537b\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u7aae\u5927\u3002\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u64f4\u5f35\uff08\u6216\u6536\u7e2e\uff09\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u671f\uff08cycle\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u7d30\u5fae\u7684\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u6c38\u6046\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u9019\u7a2e\u589e\u9577\u7a4d\u5c11\u6210\u591a\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u7121\u7aae\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6703\u7d2f\u7a4d\u6210\u7121\u7aae\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u768410\u5104\u6bd41\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6c38\u6046\u7684\uff08Weinberg, p.154\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u9ebd\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0d\u80fd\u6551\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u5927\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e9e\u88cf\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u6c38\u6046\uff08\u7a69\u5b9a\uff09\u8ad6\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bf6\u5ea7\u4e0a\uff0c\u5750\u4e86\u5169\u5343\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u5927\u7206\u767c\u8ad6\uff09\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u662f\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\uff0c\u5f88\u7384\uff1b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u63cf\u5beb\u5b87\u5b99\u8a95\u751f\u90a3\u4e00\u5239\u90a3\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff0c\u66f4\u7384\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\uff0c\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c10-43\u79d2\u6642\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u662f10-32\u91d0\u7c73\uff0c\u6eab\u5ea6\u662f1033\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
10-43\u79d2\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u662f\uff0c0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001\u79d2\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u7a2e\u4f3c\u96f6\u975e\u96f6\u7684\u6642\u9593\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u90a310-43\u79d2\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u5f97\u4e00\u6e05\u4e8c\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u90a310-43\u79d2\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5883\u6cc1\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u90a310-43\u79d2\u4ee5\u524d\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u9817\u6709\u5e7d\u9ed8\u611f\u5730\u8aaa\u2236\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8c48\u4e0d\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e86\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6eab\u4f2f\u683c\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u5149\u5b50\u6578\u91cf\u548c\u6838\u7c92\u5b50\u6578\u91cf\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f10\u5104\u6bd41\u3002\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u6eab\u5ea6\u6975\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u79d2\u9418\uff0c\u6eab\u5ea6\u9010\u6f38\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u8f3b\u5c04\u71b1\u80fd\u5c31\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u7c92\u5b50\u52d5\u7269\u5712\u201d\uff08particle zoo\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u90a3\u6642\uff0c\u6b63\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\uff08particle and antiparticle\uff0cmatter and antimatter\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\u5730\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5404\u81ea\u5e36\u6709\u6b63\u8ca0\u96fb\u8377\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u53c8\u5169\u5169\u5c0d\u6d88\uff08annihilation\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5c0d\u6d88\u5f8c\uff0c\u8f49\u70ba\u9ad8\u80fd\u7684\u5149\u5b50\uff08photon\uff09\uff0c\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u8f3b\u5c04\u71b1\u53c8\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u6b63\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u2505\u2505\u5982\u6b64\u76f4\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u80fd\u529b\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u7c92\u5b50\u70ba\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u6070\u597d\u662f\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\uff0c\u6709\u5c0d\u6d88\u800c\u7121\u518d\u751f\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u6c92\u6709\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u4e86\uff0c\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u4e86\uff01\u5947\u5999\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u6b63\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6070\u597d\u4e00\u6bd4\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u662f1,000,000,001\u6bd41,000,000,000\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c10\u5104\u6210\u5c0d\u7684\u6b63\u3001\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u81ea\u76f8\u6b98\u6bba\uff0c\u5316\u70ba\u70cf\u6709\uff1b\u90a3\u591a\u9918\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6b63\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u7a4d\u7d2f\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff08Silk, pp.111-112; Barrow and Silk, p.91\uff09\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u597d\u7b11\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9054\u723e\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u4f46\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u5b87\u5b99\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9032\u5316\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4f4d\u5143\u9054\u723e\u6587\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6Eors Szathmary\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u9031\u520a\u300b\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u56db\u5b63\u5408\u5b9c\u7684\u9054\u723e\u6587\u300b\uff08Darwin for All Seasons, Science, July21, 2006, pp.306-307\uff09\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u5145\u5206\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u9032\u5316\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u53ef\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u600e\u6a23\u9032\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u201c\u9032\u5316\u201d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u547d\u904b\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u6b63\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u768410-35\u79d2\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5b9a\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f55\u8ac7\u9032\u5316\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u88f4\u683c\u58eb\uff08Heinz Pagels\uff09\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5c08\u9580\u7814\u7a76\u5b87\u5b99\u8a95\u751f\u6642\u7684\u865b\u7121\u771f\u7a7a\uff08vacuum\uff09\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\u2236<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b87\u5b99\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u865b\u7121\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u6700\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u865b\u7a7a\u2500\u2500\u7121\u7a7a\u9593\u3001\u6642\u9593\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2505\u2505\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8b70\u7684\u865b\u7a7a\uff0c\u6416\u8eab\u4e00\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u6eff\u6eff\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2500\u2500\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u7684\u679c\u5be6\u2505\u2505\uff08Pagels, p.365\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u88f4\u683c\u58eb\u7684\u4e0a\u534a\u53e5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u8b1b\u865b\u7a7a\u6bd4\u7d93\u5b78\u5bb6\u8b1b\u7684\u9084\u900f\u5fb9\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u8b1b\u201c\u865b\u7a7a\u201d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u537b\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u548c\u865b\u7a7a\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u201c\u6416\u8eab\u4e00\u8b8a\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u8a69\u4eba\uff0c\u7528\u64ec\u4eba\u8a69\u6587\u4f86\u63cf\u5beb\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u3002\u4f60\u8aaa\u4ed6\u8070\u660e\u4e0d\u8070\u660e\uff1f\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u53e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u537b\u628a\u529f\u52de\u6b78\u65bc\u4ed6\u6240\u656c\u62dc\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u517c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u897f\u7f85\u5fb7\uff08Gerald Schroeder\uff09\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e0d\u4ee5\u70ba\u7136\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5927\u7206\u767c\u662f\u6642\u9593\u3001\u7a7a\u9593\u548c\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u958b\u7aef\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u7684\u958b\u7aef\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u8ac7\u4f55\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\uff08Schroeder, pp.23-24\uff09\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u662f\u6c38\u6046\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u5b87\u5b99\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4ee5\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u8e0f\u9032\u4e86\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u9580\u6abb\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8056\u7d93\u4e0a\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7a7a\u865b\u6df7\u6c8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u7269\u8cea\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f9e\u6f5b\u5728\u9ad8\u6eab\u80fd\u91cf\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u8a87\u514b\u3001\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7a31\u5176\u70ba\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u7fb9\u201d\uff08Primordial soup\uff09\uff0c\u5f9e\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u5230\u96fb\u5b50\u8cea\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6709\u6c2b\u6c26\u7b49\u7269\u8cea\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e00\u6bb5\u8a71\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u63cf\u5beb\u4e86\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u6700\u521d\u4e00\u79d2\u9418\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u7269\u8cea\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u2236<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2505\u2505\u5f9e\u5b8c\u5168\u548c\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u865b\u7121\uff0c\uff08\u51fa\u73fe\uff09\u4e00\u7a2e\u6975\u70ba\u7a00\u8584\u7684\u3001\u5168\u7121\u5f62\u8cea\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6f5b\u5728\u5a01\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u627f\u64d4\u5f62\u9ad4\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u80fd\u5f9e\u6f5b\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u9032\u5165\u5be6\u8cea\u72c0\u614b\uff08\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7269\u8cea\uff09\u2505\u2505<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\u4e0d\u662f21\u4e16\u7d00\u5f97\u904e\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f13\u4e16\u7d00\u8457\u540d\u7336\u592a\u7d93\u5b78\u5bb6\u502b\u73ed\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u8056\u7d93\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u7d93\u6587\u6642\u8aaa\u7684\uff08Ramban, p.23\uff09\u3002800\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u502b\u73ed\u89e3\u7d93\u7684\u9ad8\u898b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5f9e\u6f5b\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u9032\u5165\u5b58\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u201d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u5f8c\u4eba\u66f4\u662f\u656c\u800c\u9060\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u7d93\u6b77\u4e8620\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u548c\u5927\u7206\u767c\u8ad6\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u56de\u982d\u770b\u502b\u73ed\u5f9e\u201c\u7d55\u5c0d\u865b\u7121\u3001\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5a01\u529b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f9e\u6f5b\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u9032\u5165\u5b58\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u201d\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e0d\u7981\u5927\u5403\u4e00\u9a5a\u3001\u5fc3\u751f\u656c\u4f69\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u73fe\u4eca\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7528\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u5f9e\u6f5b\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u9032\u5165\u5b58\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u201d\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5df2\u591a\u5982\u725b\u6bdb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\uff0c\u5927\u7206\u767c\u6700\u521d\u4e00\u5206\u9418\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u5149\u5b50\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u7b97\u662f\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u66f4\u8ac7\u4e0d\u4e0a\u9ad4\u5f62\u3002\u83ab\u540d\u5176\u5999\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u5e7e\u500b\u8cea\u5b50\uff0c\u5e7e\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u7d50\u5408\u6210\u70ba\u6c2b\u548c\u6c27\uff1b\u6c2b\u548c\u6c27\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u5408\u6210\u4e86\u5343\u59ff\u842c\u614b\u7684\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08Augustine\uff09\u8aaa\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u7a31\u547c\u5929\u5730\u70ba\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7121\u9ad4\u5f62\u7684\u7269\u8cea\uff08formless matter\uff09\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\u55bb\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff08ineffable command\uff09\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u6709\u9ad4\u5f62\u7684\u3001\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u2505\u2505\u9019\u6df7\u6c8c\u548c\u7cca\u5857\u7684\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u6b63\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u5f9e\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad4\u5f62\u201d\uff08Louth, pp.1-2\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u5834\u5916\u9ed8\u9ed8\u89c0\u770b\uff0c\u61f6\u5f97\u958b\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7528\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u5411\u4eba\u555f\u793a\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u8056\u7d93\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u898b\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u6478\u7684\u555f\u793a\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6240\u50b3\u9054\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u898b\u4ea6\u53ef\u6478\u7684\u555f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8056\u7d93\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f62\u5bb9\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u555f\u793a\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u88cf\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u88cf\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u88cf\u9762\u539f\u662f\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u7d93\u5411\u4ed6\u5011\u986f\u660e\u4e86\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u81ea\u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u4ed6\u6c38\u6046\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u548c\u795e\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u770b\u5f97\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f9e\u4ed6\u6240\u9020\u7684\u842c\u7269\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9818\u609f\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u63a8\u8ac9\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1\u223619-20\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u65b0\u8b6f\u672c\uff0c\u4e0b\u540c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4eba\u5f9e\u770b\u5f97\u898b\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9818\u609f\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u7684\u4e8b\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u9818\u609f\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u201c\u9818\u609f\u201d\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u539f\u6587\u758a\u7528\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u540c\u7fa9\u5b57\uff08noeh\u2019o \u9818\u609f\uff0c\u548ckathorah\u2019o\u9818\u609f\uff09\u2236\u7528\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u9019\u7a2e\u5f9e\u773c\u201c\u770b\u201d\uff0c\u5230\u5fc3\u201c\u609f\u201d\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u201c\u9818\u609f\u201d\uff08\u773c\u9818\u5fc3\u609f\uff09\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u9054\u9019\u500b\u610f\u601d\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u7684clearly perceived\uff08ESV, RSV\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u201c\u773c\u660e\u5fc3\u4eae\u201d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u65e2\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u8d0a\u540c\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u8a95\u751f\u662f\u5f9e\u201c\u6f5b\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u9032\u5165\u5b58\u5728\u72c0\u614b\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u56de\u982d\u4f86\u770b\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u8aaa\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\u3002\u5730\u662f\u7a7a\u865b\u6df7\u6c8c\u3002\u201c\u7a7a\u865b\u6df7\u6c8c\u201d\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u539f\u6587\u662ftohu\u548cbohu\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u662fwithout form and void\uff08KJV, ESV\uff09\u3002Tohu\u4e00\u5b57\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u6b21\u6578\u8f03\u591a\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u6709\u7a7a\u7121\u3001\u6c99\u6f20\u3001\u66e0\u91ce\u3001\u98a8\u548c\u865b\u7121\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002Bohu\u4e00\u5b57\u53ea\u51fa\u73fe\u904e\u4e09\u6b21\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u662f\u548ctohu\u9023\u7528\uff08Hamilton, 108-109; von Rad, p.50\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u56e0\u70ba\u548ctohu\u985e\u4f3c\uff0cbohu\u4e5f\u6709\u865b\u7a7a\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e9b\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0ctohu\u548cbohu\u662f\u7a2e\u8a69\u4eba\u7684\u62bc\u97fb\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6df1\u8af3\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\u7684\u7336\u592a\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa\uff0cbohu\u9019\u5b57\u7531bo\uff08\u201c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u201d\uff09\u548chu\uff08\u201c\u7269\u8cea\u201d\uff09\u5408\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff08Ranbam, p.24; Schroeder, p.57\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f9e\u201c\u7121\u201d\u5230\u201c\u6709\u201d\u5275\u9020\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u9019\u201c\u6709\u201d\u5305\u542b\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u60f3\u5fc5\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u9019\u7a2e\u7b26\u5408\u5927\u7206\u767c\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5343\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba\u5730\u89e3\u91cbtohu\u548cbohu\uff0c\u662f\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u96e3\u984c\u3002tohu\u548cbohu\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u90fd\u662f\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u6578\u8b6f\u6587\u807d\u4f86\u50cf\u662f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\u820a\u7d04\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u8b6f\u672c\u70ba\u201c\u4e0d\u5fcd\u4e00\u7779\u201d\uff08aoratos\uff09\u548c\u201c\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\uff08akataskeuastos\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u660e\u4ee3\u300a\u5927\u660e\u6703\u5178\u300b\u7684\u201c\u6d2a\u8352\u6df7\u8499\u201d\u540c\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6301\u5927\u7206\u767c\u8ad6\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5f9e\u8a9e\u610f\u6216\u662f\u5f9e\u8056\u7d93\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u89e3\u8b6f\uff0c\u7a7a\u865b\u6df7\u6c8c\u4ee3\u8868\u8d77\u521d\u7684\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u72c0\u6cc1\uff08Skinner, pp16-17\uff09\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u975e\u5e38\u7a69\u7576\u5730\u3001\u6b65\u9a5f\u5206\u660e\u5730\u654d\u8ff0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u600e\u6a23\u5275\u9020\u842c\u7269\uff0c\u5f9e\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u5230\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e95\u7136\u2236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9020\u5149\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u770b\u5149\u662f\u597d\u7684\u2505\u2505\u6bcf\u4e00\u65e5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u5b8c\u7562\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90fd\u770b\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u516d\u65e5\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u795e\u770b\u4ed6\u6240\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f88\u597d\uff08\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b1\u22361-31\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u7455\u75b5\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6717\u66fc\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u60e1\u8cab\u6eff\u76c8\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u5fd8\u8a18\u8ab0\u662f\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u518d\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u662f\u597d\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c0\u770b\u5927\u5730\uff0c\u770b\u898b\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7d93\u6557\u58de\u4e86\uff0c\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u6240\u884c\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u6557\u58de\u7684\uff08\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b6\u223612\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u9ebd\u8aaa\uff0c\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u53c8\u5f9e\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u5230\u4e86\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8981\u5c07\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5f9e\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e36\u56de\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u6574\u672c\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u547d\u7acb\u5c31\u7acb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u524d\u9762\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5927\u7206\u767c\u5f8c\u768410-43\u79d2\uff0c\u5149\u5b50\u5df2\u5145\u6eff\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u6b63\u8ca0\u7c92\u5b50\u5f9e\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u8f3b\u5c04\u71b1\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u5c0d\u6d88\u3001\u53bb\u4e86\u53c8\u4f86\u3002\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c1a\u7121\u628a\u63e1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u8c50\u5bcc\u3002\u9019\u9ebd\u5feb\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6709\u500b\u8072\u97f3\u5728\u5927\u7206\u767c\u4e4b\u969b\u558a\u9053\u2236\u201c\u8981\u6709\u5149\u5b50\uff01\u201d\u5b87\u5b99\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5149\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u523020\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u624d\u61c2\u5f97\u5149\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u5149\u5b50\u548c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f10\u5104\u6bd41\uff0c\u5149\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3002\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u53e5\u8a71\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8aaa\u2236\u201c\u8981\u6709\u5149\uff01\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5149\u3002\u201d\u539f\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u662f\u5728\u61c9\u9a57\u53e4\u8001\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u516d\u65e5\u5275\u4e16<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u7b2c4\u30015\u7bc0\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u770b\u5149\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u628a\u5149\u548c\u6697\u5206\u958b\u4e86\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7a31\u5149\u70ba\u665d\uff0c\u7a31\u6697\u70ba\u591c\u3002\u6709\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u65e9\u6668\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u654d\u8ff0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u600e\u6a23\u5728\u516d\u65e5\u5167\u9020\u842c\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u7d93\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u65b7\u5f9e\u5b57\u610f\u3001\u6587\u610f\u6216\u6587\u98a8\u7b49\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u201c\u516d\u65e5\u201d\u7684\u542b\u7fa9\u3002\u8056\u7d93\u300a\u8a69\u7bc7\u300b90\u7bc7\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u2236\u201c\u4f60\u4f7f\u4eba\u6b78\u56de\u5875\u571f\uff0c\u8aaa\u2236\u2018\u4e16\u4eba\u54ea\uff01\u4f60\u5011\u8981\u6b78\u56de\u5875\u571f\u3002\u2019\u5728\u4f60\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5343\u5e74\u597d\u50cf\u525b\u904e\u53bb\u4e86\u7684\u6628\u5929\uff0c\u53c8\u50cf\u591c\u88cf\u7684\u4e00\u66f4\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u63a1\u7528\u201c\u4ee5\u7d93\u89e3\u7d93\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u4e00\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002\u5982\u679c\u591c\u88cf\u7684\u4e00\u66f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u4e00\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u597d\u5e7e\u5343\u5e74\u3002\u9019\u9ebd\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u4e16\u7684\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\uff08epoch\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u5b78\u554f\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u201d\u7684\u539f\u6587yom ehad\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u65e5\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u6392\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u65e5\u201d\uff08one day, day one\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u201c\u4e00\u4e4b\u65e5\u201d\uff08ONE\u2019s Day\uff09\u3002\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u5929\u5929\u80cc\u8aa6\u7684\u7d93\u53e5\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u7b2c4\u7bc0\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u554a\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u807d\uff0c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7368\u4e00\u7684\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u7ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u554a\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u807d\uff0c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8036\u548c\u83ef\u662f\u4e00\u3002\uff08Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one. ESV, NIV\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0cyom ehad\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u201d\u2236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u4e16\u7684\u982d\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u9664\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5225\u7121\u6240\u6709\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u51fa\u8a00\u5967\u79d8\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7518\u62dc\u4e0b\u98a8\u3002\u81ea\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u6642\u9418\u201d\uff08\u4ee5\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff09\uff0c\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\u5b87\u5b99\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u8208\u596e\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7528\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u534a\u8870\u671f\uff08the half-life\uff09\uff0c\u4f86\u6e2c\u7b97\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u661f\u7403\u7684\u5e74\u9f61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u923e\uff08U238\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff08radioactive decay\uff09\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u8b8a\u70ba\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u925b\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20Pb208\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0cU238\u5f9e\u4e00\u78c5\u8870\u9000\u5230\u534a\u78c5\u7684\u6642\u9593\u662f45.1\u5104\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4eca\u5929\u5b87\u5b99\u5b58\u5728\u7684U238\u548cPb208\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u63a8\u6e2c\u51fa\u5275\u4e16\u6642\u923e\u5408\u6210\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f100\u81f3150\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u540c\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u534a\u8870\u671f\u6578\u5b78\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u6e2c\u7b97\u5b87\u5b99\u9418\u7684\u6642\u9593\u548c\u4eca\u65e5\u5730\u7403\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u8a87\u514b\u5f62\u6210\u6642\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u548c\u4eca\u65e5\u5730\u7403\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u76f8\u7b49\u65bc\u5927\u7206\u767c\u6642\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u80cc\u666f\u6eab\u5ea6\uff0810.9\u842c\u5104\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6\uff09\u548c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u80cc\u666f\u6eab\u5ea6\uff082.73\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9019\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5e38\u6578\uff0c\u9664\u4e0a0.693\uff082\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u6578\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u9664\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e74\u7684365\u5929\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8d77\u521d\u5927\u7206\u767c\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f10,900,000,000,000\/2.73\/0.693\/365=15.8\u5104\u5e74\u3002\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\uff08\u9418\uff09\u958b\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u534a\u8870\u7387\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u201d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\uff09\u5f9e\u5927\u7d0416\u5104\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u9019\u534a\u8870\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u201d\u9577\u9054\u516b\u5104\u5e74\u3002\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u9019\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u201c\u65e5\u201d\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u70ba4\u5104\u30012\u5104\u30011\u5104\u3001\u534a\u5104\u548c\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5104\u5e74\u3002\u501f\u7528\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5e74\u8b5c\uff08\u898b\u9644\u6ce8\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5927\u4e8b\u5e74\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u516d\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u5167\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u842c\u7269\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u548c\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b\u516d\u65e5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5275\u9020\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5927\u81f4\u7b26\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6709\u7d30\u5fc3\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u554f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u9020\u4e86\u5149\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u7b2c\u56db\u65e5\u624d\u9020\u592a\u967d\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u592a\u967d\uff0c\u5149\u5f9e\u4f55\u4f86\uff1f\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u5149\u5b50\u548c\u5149\uff0c\u662f\u5f9e\u5927\u7206\u767c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u79d2\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u8eab\u70ba\u661f\u7403\u7684\u592a\u967d\uff0c\u5230\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u65e5\u201d\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5230\u201c\u7b2c\u56db\u65e5\u201d\uff08\u5730\u7403\u7684\uff09\u592a\u7a7a\u6e05\u6670\u900f\u660e\u5f8c\u624d\u88ab\u770b\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8aaa\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u6240\u8a18\u8f09\u5275\u9020\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\uff0c\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u6240\u5831\u544a\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\u5982\u6b64\u5de7\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u6578\u5b78\u6982\u7387\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09\u662f\u5104\u842c\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u5de7\u5408\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u7528\u8056\u7d93\u4f86\u61c9\u9a57\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u4f86\u8b49\u660e\u8056\u7d93\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u5011\u9a5a\u8a1d\uff0c\u8aaa\u4e0d\u5b9a\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u8de8\u8d8a\u7684\u6e9d\u58d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u96d6\u7136\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u4e0d\u61c2\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\uff0c\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u4e5f\u6c92\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u5f88\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u4f46\u898b\u591a\u8b58\u5ee3\u7684\u820a\u7d04\u5c08\u5bb6\u6717\u66fc\uff08Tremper Longman, III\uff09\u63d0\u9192\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u5e1d\u600e\u6a23\u5275\u9020\u842c\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u78ba\u5be6\u5f9e\u7121\u5230\u6709\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u88ab\u9020\u7684\uff08\u842c\u7269\uff09\uff08Dillardand Longman, pp.51-52\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6717\u66fc\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u7814\u8b80\u8056\u7d93\u6642\u4e0d\u5b9c\u55a7\u8cd3\u596a\u4e3b\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7528\u591a\u5c11\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u6216\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5275\u9020\u842c\u7269\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6211\u5011\u601d\u8003\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002\u7aca\u4ee5\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u63d0\u9192\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b87\u5b99\u5927\u4e8b\u5e74\u8868 (\u7bc0\u9304\u81ea J. Silk: The Big Bang, p.68-69)
\u5b87\u5b99\u6642\u9593 \u4e8b\u4ef6 \u8ddd\u4eca\u65e5\u6642\u9593 \u5b87\u5b99\u9418\u968e\u6bb5 (\u7b46\u8005\u6dfb\u88dc)
0 \u5927\u7206\u767c 150 \u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u4e00\u65e5\u958b\u59cb
10 -43 \u79d2 \u7c92\u5b50\u8a95\u751f 150 \u5104\u5e74
10 -10 \u79d2 \u8a87\u514b\u8a95\u751f 150 \u5104\u5e74
1\u79d2 \u96fb\u5b50\u6b63\u5b50\u5c0d\u92b7 150 \u5104\u5e74
1\u5206 \u6c26\u548c\u91cd\u6c2b\u5408\u6210 150 \u5104\u5e74
1 \u842c\u5e74 \u5b87\u5b99\u5145\u6eff\u7269\u8cea 150 \u5104\u5e74
30 \u842c\u5e74 \u5b87\u5b99\u6210\u900f\u660e\u72c0 149.997 \u5104\u5e74
10-20 \u5104\u5e74 \u661f\u6cb3\u958b\u59cb\u5f62\u6210 130-140 \u5104\u5e74
31 \u5104\u5e74 \u6052\u661f\u5f62\u6210 119 \u5104\u5e74
104 \u5104\u5e74 \u592a\u967d\u7cfb\u884c\u661f\u958b\u59cb\u5f62\u6210 46 \u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u65e5\u4e2d\u671f
111 \u5104\u5e74 \u5730\u7403\u5ca9\u77f3\u958b\u59cb\u5f62\u6210 39 \u5104\u5e74
120 \u5104\u5e74 \u5fae\u751f\u7269\u51fa\u73fe 30\u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u4e09\u65e5\u521d\u671f
130 \u5104\u5e74 \u5bcc\u6709\u6c27\u6c23\u7684\u592a\u7a7a\u51fa\u73fe 20\u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u56db\u65e5\u521d\u671f
140 \u5104\u5e74 \u8089\u773c\u53ef\u898b\u751f\u7269\u51fa\u73fe 10\u5104\u5e74
144 \u5104\u5e74 \u6700\u65e9\u5316\u77f3\u5e74\u4ee3 6\u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u4e94\u65e5\u4e2d\u671f
146 \u5104\u5e74 \u9b5a\u985e\u51fa\u73fe 4\u5104\u5e74 \u7b2c\u516d\u65e5\u521d\u671f
148 \u5104\u5e74 \u722c\u87f2\u51fa\u73fe 2\u5104\u5e74
148.5 \u5104\u5e74 \u6050\u9f8d\u51fa\u73fe 1.5\u5104\u5e74
149.5 \u5104\u5e74 \u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u51fa\u73fe 5\u5343\u842c\u5e74
150 \u5104\u5e74 \u985e\u4eba\u52d5\u7269\u51fa\u73fe 2\u767e\u842c\u5e74<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u53c3\u8003\u66f8\u76ee\uff1a
1. Saint Augustine, Augustine, Great Books of the Western World, V. 18, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952.
2. John Barrow and Joseph Silk, The Left Hand of Creation, New York: Basic Books, 1983.
3. Raymond Dillard and Tremper Longman, An Introduction to the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994.
4. Victor Hamilton, The Book of Genesis Chapters 1-17 , Grand Rapids: Eerdermans, 1990.
5. H. G. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis, Chapters 1-19, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1942.
6. Andrew Louth, Editor, Ancient Christian Commentary of Scripture, Old Testament I, Downers Grove, IL: Inter Varsity Press, 2001.
7. Jurgen Moltmann, The Trinity and the Kingdom, Cambridge: Harper & Row, 1981.
8. A. C. Moule, Christians in China, Before the Year 1550, New York: Octagon Books, 1977.
9. Heinz Pagels, Perfect Symmetry, The Search for the Beginning of Time, Toronto: Bantam Books, 1985.
10. Ramban( Nachmanides), Commentary on the Torah, Volume One: Genesis, Charles Chavel, translator, New York: Shilo, 1971.
11. Gerald Schroeder, The Science of God, The Convergence of Scientific and Biblical Wisdom, New York: Free Press, 1997.
12. John Skinner, Genesis, Second Edition, Edinburgh: T. Clark, 1930.
13. P. Y. Saeki, The Nestorian Monument in China, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1916.
14. Joseph Silk, The Big Bang, Third Edition, New York: W. H. Freeman, 2001.
15. Joseph Silk, A Short History of the Universe, New York: Scientific America Library, 1994.
16. Gerhard von Rad, Genesis, (London: SCW Press, Third Edition, 1972.
17. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes, A Modern View of the origin of the Universe, Updated Edition, New York: Basic Books, 1977, 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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