{"id":276,"date":"2009-03-07T17:05:06","date_gmt":"2009-03-08T00:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allenchow.com\/?p=276"},"modified":"2024-05-13T17:05:20","modified_gmt":"2024-05-13T23:05:20","slug":"%e5%be%9e%e5%89%b5%e4%b8%96%e8%a8%98%e7%9c%8b%e9%a0%90%e8%a8%ad%e5%bc%8f%e8%ad%b7%e6%95%99%e5%ad%b8%e4%b8%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allenchow.com\/?p=276","title":{"rendered":"\u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u5f0f\u8b77\u6559\u5b78(\u4e03)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e03\u8ab2<br>\uff08\u5f9e\u908f\u8f2f\u53ca\u5b87\u5b99\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u540c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b87\u5b99\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\uff08Uniformity of Nature\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u52758:22)\u3000\u201c\u5730\u9084\u5b58\u7559\u7684\u6642\u5019\u3001\u7a3c\u7a61\u3001\u5bd2\u6691\u3001\u51ac\u590f\u3001\u665d\u591c\u3001\u5c31\u6c38\u4e0d\u505c\u606f\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b87\u5b99\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7269\u8cea\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6703\u7522\u751f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u5b8c\u5168\u9700\u8981\u5047\u5b9a\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\uff01\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6b21\u5e8f\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5354\u8abf\uff0c\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5047\u8a2d\u79d1\u5b78\u5b9a\u7406\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5047\u8a2d\u5b87\u5b99\u7d71\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u53ef\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8aaa\u670d\u3002\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ea\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u6628\u5929\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5982\u6b64\u800c\u63a8\u8ad6\u660e\u5929\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u63a8\u8ad6\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u770b\u898b\u90a3\u56e0\u7522\u751f\u679c\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u72af\u4e86\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u63a5\u53d7\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7121\u76ee\u7684\u96a8\u6a5f\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u53bb\u9762\u5c0d\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u5947\u8e5f\u201d\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u5f9e\u7121\u751f\u547d\u800c\u6709\uff0c\u667a\u6167\u5f9e\u7121\u667a\u6167\u800c\u6709\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5f9e\u7121\u9053\u5fb7\u800c\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u908f\u8f2f\uff08Laws of Logic\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e09\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u908f\u8f2f\u662f\uff1aThe Law of Identity (A is A), the Law of Contradiction (A is not not-A), and the Law of Excluded Middle (A is either A or not-A) \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u5c0d\u65bc\u627f\u8a8d\u53ca\u63a5\u53d7\u908f\u8f2f\u6709\u5e7e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6a5f\u7387\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0\uff0c\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7406\u7531\u63a5\u53d7\u908f\u8f2f\u53ca\u5b87\u5b99\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u667a\u6167\u7684\u795e\u5275\u9020\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u795e\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0e<br>The Law of Identity :\u201c\u6211\u662f\u81ea\u6709\u6c38\u6709\u201d\uff0c\u201cI am that I am\u201d(\u51fa3:14)<br>The Law of Contradiction : \u201c\u795e\u6c7a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u8b0a\u201d (\u4f866:18)<br>The Law of Excluded Middle : \u201c\u4e0d\u8207\u6211\u76f8\u5408\u7684\u3001\u5c31\u662f\u6575\u6211\u7684\u201d (\u592a12:30)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e7e\u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u8b2c\u8aa4\uff1a<br>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u8f49\u79fb\u8996\u7dda\uff08Red Herring\uff09: \u5229\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4f01\u5716\u8aaa\u670d\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u8ad6\u3002<br>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u500b\u4eba\u504f\u898b (Ad Hominem) : \u653b\u64ca\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u6027\u683c\u6216\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4f01\u5716\u4ee4\u4eba\u63a5\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002<br>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u932f\u8aa4\u8a34\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5a01\uff08Faulty Appeal to Authority\uff09\u6216\u8a34\u4e4b\u5225\u4eba\uff08Appeal to the People\uff09<br>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u5faa\u74b0\u8ad6\u8b49 (Circular Reasoning) : \u7528\u8ad6\u8b49\u63a8\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u7d50\u8ad6\u63a8\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002<br>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u6a21\u7a1c\u5169\u53ef (Equivocation) : \u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u51fa\u73fe\u6539\u8b8a\u3002<br>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u88dd\u9677\u9631\u7684\u554f\u984c (Loaded Question) : \u5148\u5047\u8a2d\u53e6\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u53bb\u554f\u554f\u984c\u3002<br>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0d\u5168\u90e8 (Part-to-Whole) \u6216\u5168\u90e8\u5c0d\u90e8\u4efd (Whole-to-Part)<br>8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u5f31\u7684\u985e\u6bd4 (Weak Analogy)<br>9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u8b49\u660e\u3000(Proof-by-lack-of-evidence)<br>10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u8a34\u4e4b\u53ef\u6190 (Appeal to Pity) or\u8a34\u4e4b\u61fc\u6015 (Appeal to Fear)<br>11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u6f6e\u6d41 (Bandwagon)<br>12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u91cd\u8986 (Repetition) or\u8f49\u79fb (Transfer)<br>13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u7a3b\u8349\u4eba(Strawman)<br>14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u8a34\u4e4b\u50b3\u7d71 (Appeal to Tradition) or\u8a34\u4e4b\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280 (Appeal to Hi-Tech)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\"  class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/www.allenchow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u5f0f\u8b77\u6559\u5b787.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of \u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u5f0f\u8b77\u6559\u5b787.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ace544cf-a819-44c5-b036-a2f1c646e11e\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allenchow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/\u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u5f0f\u8b77\u6559\u5b787.pdf\">\u5f9e\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u5f0f\u8b77\u6559\u5b787<\/a><a 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