\u7b2c\u4e5d\u8ab2\uff1a\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\u4e00\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4f55\u8b02\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\uff08Apologetics\uff09?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\u53c8\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u885b\u9053\u5b78 \u2500\u2500 \u4ee5\u8056\u7d93\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u793a\u8b49\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u70ba\u6b63\u7d71\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f5c\u51fa\u8faf\u8b77\u3002 \u53c3\uff1a\u5f7c\u524d\uff13\uff1a\uff11\uff15\uff1b\u6797\u5f8c\uff11\uff10\uff1a\uff14\uff0d\uff15\uff1b\u7336\uff11\uff1a\uff13 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8b77\u6559\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u4e00\uff0e\u900f\u904e\u89e3\u7b54\u4eba\u6240\u554f\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u5c0d\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\u3002\u4e8c\uff0e\u7cfe\u6b63\u4eba\u5c0d\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e0d\u518d\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fe1\u8036\u7a4c\u662f\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3001\u76f2\u76ee\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53ea\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u7b49\u3002\u4e09\uff0e\u5728\u8b77\u6559\u7684\u8ac7\u8a71\u4e2d\u5f9e\u554f\u984c\u5e36\u51fa\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u56db\uff0e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5728\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u56e0\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e5f\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u795e\u555f\u793a\u7684”\u4e8b\u5be6”\u3002\u8b77\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1a\u5c0d\u6297\u7570\u7aef\u3002\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5c11\u7570\u7aef\uff0c\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u90fd\u56e0\u67d0\u7a2e\u8b77\u6559\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u88ab\u59a5\u5354\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u5ff5\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u56e0\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u78ba\u5b9a\u53ca\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\u53ca\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6709\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8b49\u64da\u6d3e(Evidentialism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7576\u4ee3\u5927\u5e2b\uff1a\u9ea5\u9053\u885b\uff08Josh McDowell\uff09\uff1b\u84cb\u65af\u52d2\uff08Norman Geisler\uff09\uff1b\u674e\u5fb7\u723e\uff08Paul Little\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8b02 “\u4e2d\u7acb” \u8b49\u64da\/\u8ad6\u64da\u7d66\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ca\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6027\u3002\u9577\u8655\uff1a\u8f03\u80fd\u88ab\u6155\u9053\u7684\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u63a5\u7d0d\uff0c\u800c\u4fe1\u4e3b\u3002(\u6ce8\uff1a\u9810\u8a2d\u6d3e\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e3b\u524d\u82e5\u4e0d\u5728\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u964d\u670d\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e3b\u5f8c\u5fc3\u610f\u66f4\u65b0\u800c\u8b8a\u5316\u662f\u5f88\u96e3\u7684\u3002) \u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u8b49\u64da\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6240\u8b02 “\u4e2d\u7acb\u5730\u5e36” \u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d55\u5c0d\u8b49\u5be6\u5b83\u8981\u8b49\u5be6\u7684\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f37\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027 (probability)\u53ca\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\u3002\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ecd\u53ef\u300c\u5f88\u7406\u6027\u300d\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u3002\u4e5f\u8cb6\u4f4e\u795e\u53ca\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u9084\u6709\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b78\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8ad6\u8b49\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u6642\u671f\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8207\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u6155\u9053\u53cb\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9810\u8a2d\u6d3e\u8b77\u6559\u5b78\uff08Presuppositionalism\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5927\u5e2b\uff1a\u51f1\u4f2f\uff08Abraham Kuyper\uff09\uff1b\u7bc4\u6cf0\u723e\uff08Van Til, 1895-1987\uff09\uff1b\u859b\u83ef\uff08Francis Shaeffer\uff09\uff1b\u5f17\u96f7\u59c6\uff08John Frame\uff09\uff1b\u5e6b\u68ee\uff08Greg Bahnsen\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u524d\u63d0\u689d\u4ef6\u63a8\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u524d\u63d0\u689d\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5047\u8a2d\uff08assumptions\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u70e4\u9eb5\u5305\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6709\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u9eb5\u5305\u5e2b\u8981\u4fdd\u8b49\u539f\u6599\u9f4a\u5099\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u767c\u9175\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6eab\u5ea6\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u524d\u63d0\u689d\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u6046\u5b9a\u7684\uff08nature is uniform\uff09\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u8981\u6210\u7acb\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6046\u5b9a\u201d\u9019\u4e00\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u537b\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u8b49\u660e\u9019\u4e00\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u88ab\u5047\u8a2d\u6b63\u78ba\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f9e\u9019\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4ea6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8056\u7d93\u5ba3\u7a31\u662f\u795e\u6240\u9ed8\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u53ca\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u4f4e\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u4f86\u5be9\u6838\u5b83\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u5be9\u6838\u3002”\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u4e3b” \u9019\u539f\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u7528\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4eba\u751f\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u7bc4\u7587\u88cf\uff1b\u5728\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8b77\u6559\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f8b\u5916\u3002(\u5f7c\u524d3\uff1a15\uff1a\u5c0a\u57fa\u7763\u70ba\u4e3b)\u3000\u8056\u7d93\u5ba3\u7a31\u795e\u5275\u505a\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u6240\u6709\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u505a\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9810\u8a2d\u6d3e\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u795e\u4e5f\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e16\u4e0a\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u5ff5\u5982\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002Abraham Kuyper \u66fe\u8aaa\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u88cf\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u584a\u5730\u571f\uff0c\u8036\u7a4c\u6c92\u6709\u5ba3\u7a31”\u9019\u662f\u6211\u7684”\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u767c\u73fe\uff1b\u4e5f\u662f\u6b6a\u66f2\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u58ae\u843d\u4e86\uff1b\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e5f\u58ae\u843d\u4e86\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7bc4\u570d\u662f\u4f4e\u65bc\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0d\u80fd\u5be9\u6838\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u8056\u7d93\u771f\u7406\u6709\u6b0a\u5be9\u6838\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8a62\u554f\uff0c\u8ffd\u5c0b\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff1b\u540c\u6642\u5206\u4eab\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9810\u8a2d (\u8056\u7d93\u771f\u7406)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff08Worldview\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u7acb\u5834\u6216\u89c0\u5bdf\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5b83\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u53ca\u4ee3\u8868\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5728\u5617\u8a66\u53bb\u7d66\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5728\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4fe1\u5949\u4ee5\u8056\u7d93\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u96a8\u610f\u5047\u8a2d\u4f86\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u9996\u5148\u5047\u8a2d\uff08\u76f8\u4fe1\uff09\u8056\u7d93\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4eba\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7576\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u6709\u885d\u7a81\u6642\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u540c\u610f\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u5949\u76f8\u62b5\u89f8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ee5\u4fe1\u4ef0\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u6c92\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u771f\u7406\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5426\u8a8d\u771f\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f01\u5716\u4ee4\u4eba\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u8cea\u7591\u6216\u8a55\u50f9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u6b0a\u9078\u64c7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u901a\u904e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6aa2\u9a57\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u754c\u5b9a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u70ba\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u5805\u6301\u67d0\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6790\u6700\u7d42\u4e5f\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u57fa\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6240\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u5224\u65b7\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u9084\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff1f\u201d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u76f8\u4fe1\u8056\u7d93\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3002\u4fe1\u5f92\u548c\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5340\u5225\u5728\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u7db2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7d50\u69cb\uff1a\uff11\uff09 \u81ea\u4e3b\u6027 (autonomy) : \u4eba\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1(\u6216\u4eba\u7684\u6574\u9ad4)\u70ba\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005, \u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u8207\u795e\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u70ba\u6575\u3002\uff12\uff09 \u4e2d\u7acb\u6027 (neutrality) : \u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u91cd\u65b0\u9020\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6b78\u70ba\u5df1\u6709\u3002\uff13\uff09 \u7d55\u5c0d\u5316\u8da8\u52e2 : \u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u77e5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u628a\u4ed6\u7247\u9762\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u7d55\u5c0d\u5316\uff0c\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7576\u6210\u666e\u904d\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u537b\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u78ba\u638c\u63e1\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u5316\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\u524d\u8005\u3002\uff14\uff09 \u81ea\u6211\u5408\u7406\u5316 : \u4eba\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u80fd\u5920\u50cf\u795e\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u9806\u5e8f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e8b\u5148\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ed6\u8981\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u627e\u4e00\u5957\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5408\u7406\u5316\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u72af\u932f\u7684\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u51f8\u986f\u5408\u7406\u5316\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002\u5728\u7406\u6027\u8207\u53cd\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6416\u64fa : \u4eba\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u68c4\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6703\u786c\u8457\u982d\u76ae\u63a5\u53d7\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ed6\u7406\u6027\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u6210\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6700\u7a4d\u6975\u53cd\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u662f\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\uff08Atheism\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5ffd\u8996\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u5b87\u5b99\u5167\u5916\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u70ba\u907f\u514d\u9019\u4e00\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u5617\u8a66\u9000\u5230\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\u3002\u4f46\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5805\u6301\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80af\u5b9a\u201d\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7269\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c0\u9ede\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u7269\u8cea\uff08material\uff09\u201d\u771f\u6b63\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u5047\u8a2d\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6771\u897f\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u53ea\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88cf\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u975e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6771\u897f\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u4eba\u8166\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u601d\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u8166\u88cf\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u78b0\u5de7\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u7a2e\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u5047\u5982\u77e5\u89ba\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u90a3\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u7b54\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u201c\u600e\u9ebc\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u96a8\u6a5f\u9054\u5230\u667a\u6167\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u8005\u4ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u600e\u9ebc\u6703\u7522\u751f\u500b\u6027\uff08personality\uff09\u3002\u5f9e\u4eba\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u7d50\u679c\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u66f4\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4f7f\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u751f\u547d\u66f4\u73cd\u8cb4\uff1f\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u7136\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u7a2e\u91ce\u7378\u7f77\u4e86\u3002\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u9084\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u76e3\u7763\u6c92\u6709\u6307\u5c0e\u7684\u96a8\u6a5f\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u4e3b\u89c0\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7121\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8a8d\u70ba\u908f\u8f2f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u2018\u9ad8\u65bc\u2019\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6cd5\u5247\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u2018\u7368\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5916\u2019\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ea6\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u500b\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u795e\u662f\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5f9e\u4ed6\u90a3\u88cf\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u4e86\u500b\u6027\u3002\u4ea6\u53ea\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u795e\u7d66\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u751f\u547d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u77ad\u89e3\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u795e\u8056\u7684\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5c31\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e26\u4e0d\u96a8\u8457\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u800c\u7d50\u675f\u3002\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u88cf\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u662f\u7d42\u7d50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8056\u7d93\u8b93\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fe1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u95dc\u65bc\u7121\u9650\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b78\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u638c\u63e1\u5168\u90e8\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u7576\u4eba\u201c\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u5c31\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5f9e\u77ad\u89e3\u795e\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u6309\u7167\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u7684\u77ad\u89e3\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3001\u500b\u6027\u6216\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u904e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u5805\u5be6\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78 (Metaphysics)\uff1a\u795e\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0e\u795e\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u9650\u3001\u6c38\u6046\u3001\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\uff0c\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u795e\u8056\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\u3002\u800c\u5b87\u5b99\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5247\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u7531\u795e\u751f\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u7531\u795e\u7dad\u7e6b\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u8207\u5176\u5b83\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u90fd\u6709\u8457\u8cea\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff08qualitative difference\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6559\u7fa9\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7368\u6709\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u6301\u5b88\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u4f8b\uff1a\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\uff0c\u552f\u7269\u8ad6\uff0c\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8ad6\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u795e\u89c0\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6 (Epistemology)\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0e\u7942\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u81ea\u6709\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u884d\u751f\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\uff08\u8a69111:10\uff0c\u7bb4 2:6\uff09\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\uff1a\u795e\u7684\u555f\u793a\uff1a\u666e\u904d\u555f\u793a + \u8056\u7d93\u3002 \u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6709\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u771f\u7406 \u3002\u4e16\u4fd7\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u7fa9\/\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u4e43\u4e94\u5b98\u80fd\u5bdf\u9a57\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78 (Ethics)\uff1a\u795e\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u3002\u60df\u7368\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u624d\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u5c31\u662f\u9806\u670d\u795e\u3001\u69ae\u8000\u795e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6307\u6a19(\u81f3\u5584)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u82e5\u4e0d\u9806\u670d\u795e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6096\u9006\u795e\u3002\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff1a\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9 \uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5982\u5112\u5bb6\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n